Helpful Linux commands for SQL Server DBAs iotop and iostat

In the article, we will learn how to use the ‘iotop’ and ‘iostat’ commands with various configuration options.

It is essential for SQL Server DBAs to learn important commands in linux in order to troubleshoot any performance issues in a Linux environment. When we encounter any performance issues or need to check the system or user processes, we can use the ‘top’ command. The ‘top’ command gives basic information about the CPU and memory processes. We might require more details in order to troubleshoot the issue, though. In such cases, we can utilize information similar to that in windows provided by the task manager, resource monitor, and performance monitor.

In Windows systems, we look at the resource monitor to get information about the individual process and their disk related activity (Reads\sec, writes\sec).

We can get further information using the performance monitor, where we can configure multiple parameters to get disk related activity.

A few important counters in performance monitor are:

Avg. Disk sec/Read Avg. Disk sec/Write % Idle Time Avg. Disk Queue Length Disk writes/sec Disk reads/sec Disk writes/sec

Let us explore some commands in Linux to get the disk related information.

iostat

We can monitor IO statistics for all disks and file system in Linux using ‘iostat’ command. This command is not installed by default, so we need to install this.

Note: In this article, we are using Ubuntu OS. You can prepare the Linux environment for the SQL Server by following my articles. SQL Server 2019 on Linux with Ubuntu SQL Server 2019 on Linux with a Docker container on Ubuntu SQL Server 2019 on Linux with Ubuntu and Azure Data Studio

Therefore, install the ‘iostat’ using the below command in the terminal window.

$ sudo apt-get install sysstat

We can view the processes or task it performs to install the ‘iostat’ command.

We can now run the ‘iostat’ command and view the output.

In the output, we can categorize the information as below.

CPU related information:

From the output, we can see below information:

%user: It is the CPU utilization for the user %nice this shows the CPU utilization with nice priority %system it shows the CPU utilization by the system %iowait: this data shows the CPU idle time with an outstanding i/o request %idle: System idle time

Disk related information:

Below section shows the disk related information.

Below is the columns output we get for the individual disk device.

Device : Name of the device Tps : transfer per second KB_reads/s : KB reads per second KB wrtn/s: KB writes per second

If we want to get only device-related information, run the below command:

$ iostat -d

By default, it command gives basic information about the disks. If we want to get detailed information, run the command with ‘-x’ parameter.

$ iostat -x

We get additional columns in the output as compared to the previous run without ‘-x’ parameter.

‘rrqm\s’: it shows the read requests merged per second queued to the device ‘wrqm/s: it shows the write requests merged per second queued to the device r/s and w/s: read and write requests per second rsec/s and wsec/s: Number of sector reads and writes per second avgrq-sz : average sector size of the requests avgqu-sz: average queue length of the requests await: average wait time in ms svctm: average service time in ms

We can get the stats in KB or MB with the below commands:

iostat -m Stats in MB

iostat -k stats in KB

We can get the stats with a time interval as well. This helps to get the report.

Using below command, we can run ‘iostat’ with MB unit in 3 seconds interval and 4 times.

iostat -m 3 4

iotop

We can get IO information or disk utilization by the individual process. We also need to install this command to use it.

In Ubuntu, run the below command to install ‘iotop’:

sudo apt install iotop

I highlighted the important information during the installation of ‘iotop’. We need to run this using administrative permission else, below error message is logged.

$ sudo iotop

We can see below column header for the ‘iotop’ command. In this output:

SWAPIN: swap usage for each process IO: total IO for each process

We can get information about the iotop command using the ‘sudo iotop help’ command.

So let us explore these options.

Current running processes:

If we want to check current running processes, we can run the command ‘sudo iotop only’

Sort Column:

‘iotop’ command also gives output in interactive mode. We can change the sort column using the left and right arrow keys. You can notice the same in below screenshots.

In below screenshot, the current sort column is ‘USER’.

Press the right arrow key few times and we can change the sort key to ‘command’ as shown here:

In the running out, press ‘p’ to only show the processes.

If we want to change the sort order, we can do it using the ‘r’ key. By default, in the sort column, you can see symbol ‘>’. Press ‘r and sort order changes and symbol changes to ‘<‘.

Version number:

Below command gives ‘iotop’ command version number.

Sudo iotop version

Monitor specific user processes

Run the below command to show only particular user processes. For example, we want to view only the user ‘rajendra’ processes.

Sudo iotop -u ‘rajendra’

Monitor system processes:

To monitor the system processes, run the command:

Sudo iotop -P

Change unit to KB/s instead of B/s:

Run the command with -k parameter:

Sudo iotop -k